investing
Credit makes you accountable
The partners need to define boundaries for the partnership, which generally fall into the two dimensions of space and time. Space refers to what we agree to work on together.We may choose to work on one process improvement project, for example, and limit the partnership to that activity for now. Space may be limited to a function—for example, we may agree to work together in the manufacturing or marketing segment of the organization.
The other dimension is time. A time limit should be defined for the partnership—say, one year or for the life of a contractual agreement. A formal agreement can be renegotiated when the time limit expires. This helps partners be more realistic about what they can commit to providing. The longer the time limit, the greater the risk that the partnership will not accomplish its objectives as planned.
Being accountable now and planning what to do in the immediate future are more valuable to the partnership than making commitments based on fanciful predictions.
Growth investing has an addictive quality
Growth investing has an addictive quality. Just as the alcoholic rationalizes away hangovers and arguments in the belief that the next bottle will bring happiness, the growth investor rationalizes away P/Es, asset prices, burn rates, and all other measures of financial value for the dream of finding the next Microsoft. When growth slows and the stock price collapses, unhealthy investors try to get even. Rationalizing away the recent collapse, they invest their remaining funds as well as new savings and borrowings. A fresh collapse can then send them into deep depression.
Only investors aware that they are buying a fantasy will be comfortable with growth stocks. Idea people have fun with growth stocks. There is always a new idea that could grow into a world-beating company. Number people suffer from growth stocks. Number people do fancy calculations of sales, earnings, book value, return on capital, and growth rates to determine the likely price of a stock in five or 10 years. Number people are heartbroken when all their fancy calculations turn into losses.
Worker bees will have fun with micro cap stocks. These are companies too small to be included in the indexes or to be owned by the mutual funds. No analysts cover these companies. If you enjoy discovering stocks no one has ever heard of and are interested in working hard at finding and analyzing these companies, the financial rewards are high. You will not be able to toss out the names of your stocks at parties because no one will know what you are talking about. Patience is required because these things take time to be found by other investors and bid up in price. This is often a lonely but rewarding business.
Investors without patience or research skills may be tempted to buy micro cap mutual funds. Unfortunately, the micro cap mutual funds have all the problems of other mutual funds: they all buy the same stocks, get caught up in manias such as tech mania, tax you for gains that were not yours, siphon off fees, and focus on gathering assets and marketing rather than increasing your returns. And micro cap funds buy such large amounts of stock that they bid up the price of shares as they buy, then they depress the price as they sell. Micro cap mutual funds have many built-in resentments.
Problem with Complete powerlessness
Panic has a bad reputation as an investment emotion. Brokers, mutual fund companies, journalists, and others who profit from the stock market know that panicked investors often avoid stocks for decades. They portray panic as the worst response to powerlessness in all circumstances. However, panic is a healthy response to many powerless situations. Investors who panicked out of the stock market in 1929 at the low reacted well. The market continued down for three more years and never returned, on a sustained basis, to the 1929 low until the early 1950s. Tech investors who listened to the stock promoters and did not panic in April 2000 made a grave error. Many still sit on tech stocks that are worth a fraction of what they were in March 2000.
For the emotionally mature, powerlessness is a relief. There is great freedom in recognizing powerlessness, surrendering, and moving on. For the immature, powerlessness can lead to desperate acts, usually selfdestructive. Consider how you react to powerlessness.
Discretionary income is the key
With an increase in positive cash flow, you can direct more toward your debt. The more debt you pay down, the less interest accumulates during the following week, month, or year. The less interest accumulates, the greater the amount of your next payment that gets applied to the balance, and so on.
By increasing your positive cash flow, you can ultimately increase your debt payments. Instead of being caught in a downward and negative spiral, you find yourself in a positive, upward spiral. There is a name for this “positive cash flow” that you need to increase in order to eliminate your debt. It’s called discretionary income.
While the term sounds complex, it’s simple when you stop and think about it. It’s the income that’s left after all your required bills have been paid; you choose how to spend it. To accelerate the process of getting out of debt, you ultimately have to increase the amount of discretionary income left at the end of the month.
Set a financial goal
To help you visualize the rewards of all your hard work, I want you to sit back, close your eyes for 60 seconds, and imagine a debt-free life. In fact, I want you to imagine the number-one thing that will change. Do it now, I’ll wait right here for you! Now, grab your Debt Journal and sum up that change in three or four words. Write it really big and circle it. This is your opportunity cost of failing to reduce your debt. By not getting your debts paid down, this is what you’re missing out on. Strive to keep this at the front of your mind!
Introduction to debt equity
Much of the complexity associated with debt for equity swaps comes from the need to comply with rules governing their accounting, taxation and implementation, both on the part of the company and its lenders. In addition, the shareholdings arising from such transactions can give rise to continuing compliance and reporting obligations for the lenders, particularly if they become major shareholders in a company. The impact of these matters must be fully considered at the time the restructuring options are being evaluated.
The following technical issues are considered:
- Accounting.
- Taxation.
- Legal and regulatory.
- Mechanics of implementation.
The focus is on considering these issues from a lenders’ point of view. However, matters addressed in this chapter vary considerably between countries. Moreover, treatments can at times conflict between jurisdictions. Therefore, it is critical that the readers familiarise themselves with their local accounting, taxation and legal frameworks affecting debt for equity swaps. Also, transactions involving a company with operations in more than one country, or a lender group involving banks from different jurisdictions, may need to comply with the laws and regulations in all the jurisdictions involved.